Carleton College

HIST 100. Visualizing Friends and Enemies in the Socialist World In the socialist world during the Cold War, the world was divided into friends and enemies. We will study the construction and pedagogical use of these images from political cartoons, books, exhibitions, posters, photographs, television and film, and examine how images of enemies like the United States and Israel and friends such as the USSR and China were mobilized to provide examples for proper behavior in socialist countries. With reference to the theoretical and historical literature, we will engage in an analysis of these visual sources to more deeply understand the societies in which they circulated. 6 cr., AI, WR1, IS, Fall—D. Tompkins

HIST 100. American Antebellum Slavery: History and Historians This seminar focuses on the nature of the antebellum slave experience as one of the great debates in American historiography. The course begins with Ulrich Bonnell Phillips’s controversial 1918 interpretation and moves to selected major revisionist studies from the late 1950s through the 1990s that incorporate fresh scholarship on women, culture, and economics. There is emphasis on sharpening critical thinking and writing skills. 6 cr., WR; AI, WR1, Fall—H. Williams

HIST 100. Gandhi, Nationalism and Colonialism in India This Argument and Inquiry Seminar will examine the wide array of nationalist movements which struggled for independence from colonial rule in South Asia. Most prominent among these was the anti-colonial struggle led by Mohandas K. Gandhi. In this course we will examine the historical forces and the people which comprised these socio-political movements, in an effort to understand the complex and intriguing ways in which Gandhi’s movement intersected, combined, and conflicted with other nationalist trends. Topics including the role of political violence and non-violence, conceptions of masculinity and femininity, caste, class, and race will also form part of our material. 6 cr., AI, WR1, IS, Fall—B. LaRocque

HIST 100. Drunks and Teetotalers: Alcohol and American Society From its earliest days as a nation, the use and abuse of alcohol in the United States has been hotly debated. This course will examine historians' attempts to understand alcohol's powerful impact on American politics, society, and social reform. Using original source materials from the times, this course will focus on colonial rebellions, the temperance movement, immigration and the rise of saloons and saloon politics, the debate over prohibition, and the contemporary reforms of Alcoholics Anonymous, and MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Drivers). 6 cr., AI, WR1, Fall—C. Clark

HIST 100. History and Memory in Africa, Nineteenth-Twenty-first Centuries This course explores how Africans have remembered and retold their own history in the colonial and post-colonial contexts (nineteenth-twenty-first centuries). Students will examine memories of origin, the slave trade, conversion, and colonialism as well as of personal and communal triumphs and tragedies. Both long-standing historical texts like praise-names and rituals and modern texts like journals, court records, and letters will be explored. What is the relationship between the historical medium and the memory? Drawing from select cases in West, East and South Africa, students will come to understand the rich and varied history of Africa’s creative expression. 6 cr., WR; AI, WR1, IS, Fall—T. Willis

HIST 100. Lewis and Clark's West When the Lewis and Clark expedition headed up the Missouri River in 1804, they entered a world far wider and far more complicated than any of the explorers realized. The diverse landforms, ecological communities, and Native peoples they encountered were woven together in ways that reached widely across space and drew on roots thousands of years deep. It was also a world being refashioned by all sorts of new forces creeping into the region from nearly every direction. This course will explore this complex and changing world--the West in the age of Lewis and Clark. 6 cr., AI, WR1, IDS, Offered in alternate years. Fall—G. Vrtis

HIST 115. Carleton in the Archives: Studies in Institutional Memory and Culture Ours is a world of institutions - schools, corporations, government agencies - that shape the way we act, think, and remember. The memory of institutions themselves, the records they keep and the way these repositories are organized and used is crucial for their functioning and survival. What is the relationship between "official" and "individual" memory in the making of an institutional world? We will explore this and related questions through readings, discussion, and a hands-on project based on materials in Carleton's own archives. 3 cr., HI, Spring—P Petzschmann

HIST 120. Rethinking the American Experience: American Social History, 1607-1865 A survey of the American experience from before Christopher Columbus' arrival through the Civil War. Some of the topics we will cover include: contact between Native and European cultures; the development of the thirteen mainland British colonies; British, French, and Spanish imperial conflicts over the Americas; slavery; the American Revolution; religious awakenings; antebellum politics; and the Civil War. 6 cr., HU; HI, Winter—S. Zabin

HIST 121. Rethinking the American Experience: American Social History, 1865-1945 This course offers a survey of the American experience from the end of the Civil War through World War II. Although we will cover a large number of major historical developments--including Reconstruction, the Progressive movement, World War I, the Great Depression, the New Deal and World War II--the course will seek to emphasize the various beliefs, values, and understanding that informed Americans' choices throughout these periods. In countless ways, the legacy of their lives continues to shape ours today, and so we will seek to understand the connections (and sometimes the disconnections) between Americans past and present. 6 cr., HU; HI, Spring—H. Williams

HIST 122. U.S. Women's History to 1877 Gender, race, and class shaped women's participation in the arenas of work, family life, culture, and politics in the United States from the colonial period to the late nineteenth century. We will examine diverse women's experiences of colonization, industrialization, slavery and Reconstruction, religion, sexuality and reproduction, and social reform. Readings will include both primary and secondary sources, as well as historiographic articles outlining major frameworks and debates in the field of women's history. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IDS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 123. U.S. Women's History Since 1877 In the twentieth century women participated in the redefinition of politics and the state, sexuality and family life, and work and leisure as the United States became a modern, largely urban society. We will explore how the dimensions of race, class, ethnicity, and sexuality shaped diverse women's experiences of these historical changes. Topics will include: immigration, the expansion of the welfare system and the consumer economy, labor force segmentation and the world wars, and women's activism in civil rights, labor, peace and feminist movements. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IDS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 125. African American History I This survey begins with the pre-enslavement history of African Americans in West Africa. It proceeds to the transition of the slave from an African to an African American either directly or indirectly through the institution of slavery until 1865. Special attention will be given to black female activists, organizations, and philosophies proposing solutions to the African-American and Euro-American dilemma in the antebellum period. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IDS, Offered in alternate years. Fall—H. Williams

HIST 126. African American History II The transition from slavery to freedom; the post-Reconstruction erosion of civil rights and the ascendancy of Booker T. Washington; protest organizations and mass migration before and during World War I; the postwar resurgence of black nationalism; African Americans in the Great Depression and World War II; roots of the modern Civil Rights movement, and black female activism. 6 cr., HU, WR, RAD; HI, WR2, Winter—H. Williams

HIST 131. Saints, Sinners, and Philosophers in Late Antiquity In Late Antiquity, pagans and Christians asked with particular intensity: How should I live? Those answering these questions successfully could become figures of authority and influence in their worlds. In this course we will explore what roles education; discipline of the mind and body; physical location and social status; and acts of power played in the making of a saint or philosopher. Was the best life achieved through material renunciation, psychological transformation, or both? What institutional forms fostered such a life? We will ask these and other questions of a wide array of primary sources while employing the insights of modern scholarship. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, IS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 137. Early Medieval Worlds Through the intensive exploration of four "worlds" in the early Middle Ages (Late Antique Italy, Anglo-Saxon England, Carolingian Europe, the Holy Roman Empire) this course seeks to offer an introduction to formative political, social, and cultural developments in Europe between c. 250 and c.1050s. Particular attention will be paid to the sources of our knowledge of early medieval people and polities. Development of a student-designed public exhibition on early medieval books and scribal culture will be an essential element of the course. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, IS, Offered in alternate years. Fall—W. North

HIST 138. The Making of Europe What are the origins of what we call "Europe?" How did this corner of the Eurasian continent come to play a predominant role in world history? What forces worked to create or to undermine a recognizably "European" culture? While cultural developments and new institutions offered powerful sources of shared experience and practice, national states and self-conscious localisms introduced new lines of fragmentation. Through lectures and discussion of a wide variety of primary sources from the period this class will examine these competing tendencies as they shaped the history of Europe's peoples during the later Middle Ages and the early Renaissance. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 139. Foundations of Modern Europe A narrative and survey of the early modern period (fifteenth through eighteenth centuries). The course examines the Renaissance, Reformation, Contact with the Americas, the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment. We compare the development of states and societies across Western Europe, with particularly close examination of the history of Spain. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Winter—S. Ottaway

HIST 140. Modern Europe 1789-1914 An introduction in the age of political and social revolutions. Emphasis is given to the impact of industrialization, the rise of national consciousness, and the search for progress through the great liberal and socialist movements, and ultimately the drive for global domination and development, students are invited but not required to take History 141 as a follow-up to this course. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 141. Europe in the Twentieth Century This course explores developments in European history in a global context from the final decade of the nineteenth century through to the present. We will focus on the impact of nationalism, war, and revolution on the everyday experiences of women and men, and also look more broadly on the chaotic economic, political, social, and cultural life of the period. Of particular interest will be the rise of fascism and communism, and the challenge to Western-style liberal democracy, followed by the Cold War and communism�s collapse near the end of the century. 6 cr., HI, IS, Offered in alternate years. Spring—D Tompkins

HIST 151. History of Modern Japan This course explores the modern transformation of Japanese society, politics, economy and culture from the Meiji Restoration of 1868 to the present. It is designed to provide students with an opportunity to explore basic issues and problems relating to modern Japanese history and international relations. Topics include the intellectual crisis of the late Tokugawa period, the Meiji Constitution, the development of an interior democracy, class and gender, the rise of Japanese fascism, the Pacific War, and postwar developments. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Winter—S. Yoon

HIST 152. History of Early China At what point can we talk about the formation of China as an organized political entity? What did it mean to be a Chinese at different points in time? This course is an introduction to the history of China from its beginnings to the end of the Han dynasty in 220. Students will examine the emergence of philosophical debates on human nature, historical consciousness of time and recording, and ritual theories in formation. Students will focus on the interplay between statecraft and religion, between ethnicity and identity, and between intellectual (e.g., Confucianism) and socio-cultural history (e.g., feminine and popular mentalities). 6 cr., HU, WR, RAD; HI, WR2, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 153. History of Modern China This course offers a critical survey of the modern transformation of the trajectory of China’s recent past spanning from the eighteenth century through the present. Students will analyze deep structural issues that cut across political narratives of Chinese elites. Themes for discussion will include the debates on Chinese "capitalism," new religious currents as a form of legitimation (e.g., Tibetan Buddhism), bureaucratic behaviors, cultural refinements, peasant and sectarian rebellions, the interaction with the West, the (non-)existence of civil society, nationalism, party politics, the dynamics of Communist rule, and alternative Chinese societies both inside and outside of Mainland China. 6 cr., HU, WR, RAD; HI, WR2, IS, Spring—S. Yoon

HIST 156. History of Modern Korea A comparative historical survey on the development of Korean society and culture from the nineteenth century to the present. Key themes include colonialism and war, economic growth, political transformation, socio-cultural changes, and historical memory. Issues involving divided Korea will be examined in the contexts of post-colonialism and Cold War. Students are also expected to develop skills to analyze key historical moments from relevant primary sources against broader historiographical contexts. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 157. Beijing, Seoul, & Beyond We might imagine Beijing as a symbol of the Chinese nation, but when did it become a "Chinese" city? Similarly, with its history of colonization and multi-culturalism, to what extent is Seoul really "Korean?" This course examines comparatively and synthetically questions of urban and national identity, and interrogates the meanings of health and civility in the changing modern cityscape of East Asia. We will work with public history through an exploration of how new monuments (e.g. the Beijing Olympic Stadium), transportation (e.g., rickshaws and bicycles), and amenities like hospitals have redefined the character of urban life in the recent past. 6 cr., WR; HI, WR2, IS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 161. History of Modern India A survey of the modern history of the Indian sub-continent from the establishment of the Mughal Court in North India (1525 AD) until the formation of the Republic of India (1947 AD), including the regional states, the British East India Company, British colonial rule and the rise of nationalism. Students will be asked to consider the differences between the early modern and colonial periods, and the empires of the subcontinent. 6 cr., HU, WR, RAD; HI, WR2, IS, Winter—Amna Khalid

HIST 165. Islam and Muslims in the Modern World This course provides a basic introduction to the history of the wider Muslim world from the eighteenth century to the present. We will discuss the cultural and religious diversity of the Muslim world and its varied interactions with modernity. We will find that the history of the Muslim world is inextricably linked to that of its neighbors, and we will encounter colonialism, anti-colonialism, nationalism, and socialism, as well as a variety of different Islamic movements. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 167. History of Modern South Asia 1947 Onwards This course examines the history of South Asia from 1947 to the present. We will explore forms of government, types of economies, and art and culture, and examine the role of religions in South Asian societies, including Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. We will consider the following countries: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Topics covered will include political violence and non-violence, the rise of communalism, conceptions of masculinity and femininity, caste class, uses of national history. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Spring—Amna Khalid

HIST 169. Colonial Latin America 1492-1810 How did peoples from the Americas, the Iberian Peninsula, and Africa contribute to the creation of new colonial societies in Latin America and the Caribbean? The course examines the bewildering spectrum of indigenous societies Europeans and Africans encountered in the Americas, then turns to the introduction and proliferation of Hispanic institutions and culture, the development of mature colonial societies, and the increasing tensions and internal contradictions that plagued the region by the late eighteenth century. It asks how the colonized population managed to survive, adapt, and resist imperial pressures and examines the creation of new collective identities. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Fall—A. Fisher

HIST 170. Modern Latin America 1810-Present This course focuses on the legacy of colonial rule and asks how nascent nation-states dealt with new challenges of political legitimacy, economic development, and the rights of citizens. Case studies from the experiences of individual nations will highlight concerns still pertinent today: the ongoing struggle to extend meaningful political participation and the benefits of economic growth to the majority of the region's inhabitants, popular struggles for political, economic, and cultural rights, and the emergence of a civic society. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Winter—A. Fisher

HIST 180. An Historical Survey of East Africa This course will survey the history of Eastern Africa from 1000 BC to the present. Topics to be covered include the development of settled communities and states; the economic and cultural networks that have linked the Indian Ocean with the interior; the East African slave trade; comparative colonialism; anti-colonial resistance; African nationalism; and post-colonial developments. We will cover the region that today comprises the countries of Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 181. West Africa in the Era of the Slave Trade The medieval Islamic and the European (or Atlantic) slave trades have had a tremendous influence on the history of Africa and the African Diaspora. This course offers an introduction to the history of West African peoples via their involvement in both of these trades from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century. More specifically, students will explore the demography, the economics, the social structure, and the ideologies of slavery. They also will learn the repercussions of these trades for men's and women's lives, for the expansion of coastal and hinterland kingdoms, and for the development of religious practices and networks. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 183. History of Early West Africa This course surveys the history of West Africa during the pre-colonial period from 790 to 1590. It chronicles the rise and fall of the kingdoms of Ancient Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. We will examine the transition from decentralized to centralized societies, the relations between nomadic and settler groups, the institution of divine kingship, the emergence of new ruling dynasties, the consolidation of trade networks, and the development of the classical Islamic world. Students will learn how scholars have used archeological evidence, African oral traditions, and the writings of Muslim travelers to reconstruct this important era of West African history. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 184. Colonial West Africa This course surveys the history of West Africa during the colonial period, 1860-1960. It offers an introduction to the roles that Islam and Christianity played in establishing and maintaining colonial rule. It looks at the role of colonialism in shaping African ethnic identities and introducing new gender roles. In addition, we will examine the transition from slave labor to wage labor, and its role in exacerbating gender, generation, and class divisions among West Africans. The course also highlights some of the ritual traditions and cultural movements that flourished in response to colonial rule. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Offered in alternate years. Spring—T. Willis

HIST 201. Rome Program: Power and Piety in Medieval Rome, 300-1150 This course will examine the ways in which city of Rome and its environs was transformed from the capital of a pagan empire into a center of Christian pilgrimage and culture and ultimately into the pinnacle of ecclesiastical power in the medieval West. We will pay particular attention to the expression of these changes in the form and functions of the City's buildings and urban fabric as well as examine influential contemporary developments and models in other regions of Italy such as Ravenna and Sicily. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Spring—W. North

HIST 202. Iconoclasm in the Early Middle Ages What roles do images play in society? What are these images thought to be and to do? Why, at particular moments, have certain groups attempted to do away with images either completely or in specific settings? How do images create and threaten communities and power structures, and how is the management of the visual integrated with and shaped by other values, structures, and objectives? This course will examine these questions by looking in depth at the theory and practice of iconoclasm in Byzantium, early Islam, and the early medieval West. 3 cr., HU; HI, IS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 203. Papacy, Church and Empire in the Age of Reform Over the course of the eleventh century, monks and clerics, kings and princes, lay men and women, challenged the traditional order of European society, demanding purity, freedom, and justice for their church and the reform of institutions grown corrupt. Yet the traditional order had its defenders, too. In this course we will examine their intellectual and political struggles as they debate such issues as clerical marriage and purity, institutional corruption, the relationship of Church and King, the meaning of canon law, the concept of just war, and the power of the pope within the Church. 3 cr., HU; HI, IS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 204. Crusade, Contact and Exchange in the Medieval Mediterranean The theory that the focus of affairs in Europe turned northwards after the Muslim conquests of North Africa and Spain has been highly influential in shaping courses on medieval Europe. More recently, however, attention has focused on the rich culture of contact among the peoples of the Mediterranean throughout the medieval period. Through lectures and critical discussion of primary sources, this course will explore the many faces of this contact, including trade, warfare, political ties, missions, and artistic and intellectual influences. Our primary focus will be on the Christian European experience, but we will also study Jewish, Muslim and Byzantine sources. 6 cr., HU, WR, RAD; HI, WR2, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 205. American Environmental History This course examines the changing relationship between humankind and the natural world in the portion of North America that is now the United States. We will begin with a consideration of Native American substinence strategies and ideas about nature, and then turn to the arrival of Europeans, colonialism, industrialization, increasing urbanization, and the conservation and environmental movements, among other major eco-historical developments. As we explore these developments, we will focus on the deeper ecological implications of human activities, cultural patterns and intellectual currents. One goal of the course will be to provide an historical context for understanding contemporary environmental issues. 6 cr., HU; HI, IDS, Fall—G. Vrtis

HIST 206. Rome Program: Eternal City in Time: Urban Structure and Change This course will explore the lived experience of the city of Rome in the twelfth through sixteenth centuries. We will study buildings, urban forms, surviving artifacts, and textual evidence to understand how politics, power, and religion mapped onto city spaces, how daily life was shaped by urban challenges and opportunities, how the urban and rural environments interacted. Students will work on projects closely tied to the city fabric, in addition to completing reading and writing assignments and participating in discussions. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, IS, Spring—V. Morse

HIST 207. Rome Program: A Roman Journal: Travelers' Accounts as Source and Experience Travel narratives are vital sources of information about historical and artistic monuments, social and cultural practices, and experience larger impressions of people and place. Using a selection of historical travel narratives concerned with Rome and Italy, we will explore the potential and pitfalls of travel accounts as historical evidence. Students will also experience the intellectual and experiential challenges and opportunities of travel writing by constructing their own travel accounts. 3 cr., HU; HI, IS, Spring—V. Morse, W. North

HIST 208. The Atlantic World: Columbus to the Age of Revolutions, 1492-1792 In the late fifteenth century, the Atlantic ocean became a vast highway linking Spain, France, Britain, and the Netherlands to the Americas and Africa. This course will examine the lives of the men and women who inhabited this new world from the time of Columbus to the eighteenth-century revolutions in Haiti and North America. We will focus on the links between continents rather than the geographic segments. Topics will include the destruction and reconfiguration of indigenous societies; slavery and other forms of servitude; religion; war; and the construction of ideas of empire. Students considering a concentration in Atlantic History are particularly encouraged to enroll. Emphasis on primary sources. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 211. More than Pilgrims: Colonial British America Puritans in the Caribbean, Indian slavery, and teenage sex: colonial America (1585-1763) had a lot more going on then Pilgrims and Plymouth Rock. In the two hundred years from the first English settlement at Roanoke to George Washington's first military disaster of the French and Indian War, the early American landscape changed out of all recognition. We will investigate what it was like for both migrants and natives to create new families and communities in a world characterized by death, religion, and slavery. 6 cr., HU; HI, IDS, Fall—S. Zabin

HIST 212. The Era of the American Revolution This class will examine the American Revolution as both a process and a phenomenon. It will consider the relationship of the American Revolution to social, cultural, economic, political, and ideological change in the lives of Americans from the founding fathers to the disenfranchised, focusing on the period 1750-1800. The central question of the course is this: how revolutionary was the Revolution? 6 cr., HU; HI, Spring—S. Zabin

HIST 213. The Age of Jefferson This course will examine the social, political and cultural history of the period 1783-1830 with special consideration of the framing and ratification of the Constitution and the defining of the "United States." Historians contend that the period covered by this course is the key era of social transformation in American history. To assess this hypothesis, we will examine changes in race, gender, and class relations within the context of economic and geographical expansion and religious revitalization. We will explore paradoxes of American democracy and citizenship as they developed in the early Republic. Previous knowledge of American history will be assumed. 6 cr., HU; HI, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 214. Rethinking the American Civil War The Civil War, in which more than 620,000 died, was a cataclysmic event that reshaped American life. Using both original sources and the most recent scholarship, we will explore the causes, leadership, battles, and consequences of the war for ordinary Americans. Topics include the war's impact on men, women, slavery, legal rights, the economy, the confederacy, the presidency, and American memory. Special attention will be paid to Civil War photography, the problems of mapping the conflict, and the attempt to understand the war through modern movies and documentaries, including those of Ken Burns. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IDS, Winter—C. Clark

HIST 217. From Ragtime to Football: U.S. History in the 1890s The 1890s were a period of turmoil. From the closing of the frontier west to the debates over imperialism, immigrants, ragtime music, and football, Americans tried to come to terms with the changing standards and social relationships of the modern world. Using original sources from the period, this course will explore the various debates over war, women's roles, sports, art, music, politics, and popular culture in the 1890s. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 226. U.S. Consumer Culture In the period after 1880, the growth of a mass consumer society recast issues of identity, gender, race, class, family, and political life. We will explore the development of consumer culture through such topics as advertising and mass media, the body and sexuality, consumerist politics in the labor movement, and the response to the Americanization of consumption abroad. We will read contemporary critics such as Thorstein Veblen, as well as historians engaged in weighing the possibilities of abundance against the growth of corporate power. 6 cr., HU; HI, Spring—A. Igra

HIST 229. Working with Gender in U.S. History Historically work has been a central location for the constitution of gender identities for both men and women; at the same time, cultural notions of gender have shaped the labor market. We will investigate the roles of race, class, and ethnicity in shaping multiple sexual divisions of labor and the ways in which terms such as skill, bread­winning and work itself were gendered. Topics will include domestic labor, slavery, industrialization, labor market segmentation, protective legislation, and the labor movement. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IDS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 230. Institutional Structure and Culture in the Middle Ages From churches to monasteries to universities to guilds, the medieval world was full of institutions that faced hard questions: How best to structure power and authority? What is our place in the wider world? How is our collective identity and ethos achieved, maintained, or transformed? How does the institution as a material community relate to the institution’s mission and culture? What are the ideals and techniques of leadership? What do success and failure look like? Through theoretical readings and case studies, students will investigate medieval responses to these challenges, while analyzing the complex dynamics of institutional life more generally. 6 cr., HU; SI, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 232. Renaissance Worlds in France and Italy Enthusiasm, artistry, invention, exploration.... How do these notions of Renaissance culture play out in sources from the period? Using a range of evidence (historical, literary, and visual) from Italy and France in the fourteenth-sixteenth centuries we will explore selected issues of the period, including debates about the meaning of being human and ideal forms of government and education; the nature of God and mankind’s duties toward the divine; the family and gender roles; definitions of beauty and the goals of artistic achievement; accumulation of wealth; and exploration of new worlds and encounters with other peoples. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, IS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 233. Cultures of Empire: Byzantium, 710-1453 Heir to the Roman Empire, Byzantium proved to be one of the most enduring and fascinating polities of the medieval world. Through written and visual evidence, we will examine the central features of Byzantine history and culture from the period of Iconoclasm to the Empire's fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, concentrating on the nature and function of imperial rule; Byzantine aesthetics and religiosity; Byzantium's relations with the Latin West and Islam; and the changing nature of the Byzantine thought world. No prerequisites, but History 131, 204 and/or Classics 229 will be useful preparation. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 236. Women's Lives in Pre-Modern Europe Did women have a Renaissance? Were women increasingly relegated to a separate sphere from men: "domesticated" into the household? Or, on the contrary, is the history of European women characterized by fundamental continuities? This course seeks to answer these questions through an exploration of women's place in the family and economy, laws and cultural assumptions about women, and women's role in religion. Throughout the term, we will be focusing not only on writings about women, but primarily on sources written by women themselves, as we seek a fuller understanding of the nature of European women's lives before the modern era. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, IS, Offered in alternate years. Winter—V. Morse

HIST 237. The Enlightenment This course focuses on the texts of Enlightenment thinkers, including Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, Kant and Mesmer. Emphasis will be on French thinkers and the effect of the Enlightenment on French society. The course covers the impact of the Enlightenment on science, religion, politics and the position of women. Students will have the opportunity to read the philosophies in French. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 239. Britain, c. 1485-1834: From Sceptred Isle to Satanic Mills This course traces the political, intellectual, economic and social history of the British Isles from the Tudor era to the Industrial Revolution. As we move from the world of Shakespeare to that of Jane Austen, we will follow changing British identities, the development of Atlantic slavery (and the subsequent move to emancipation), and revolutions in the political world. At the same time, we identify the origins and consequences of the fundamental economic and demographic changes associated with the demographic transition and industrialization. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 240. Imperial Russia This course provides an introduction to the Russian imperial state as it evolved over centuries. We will focus on the immense diversity of the empire and the structures of domination and legitimacy that held it together. Major topics covered include imperial ideology, serfdom, the intelligentsia, and political opposition. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Winter—Adeeb Khalid

HIST 241. Russia through Wars and Revolutions The lands of the Russian empire underwent massive transformations in the tumultuous decades that separated the accession of Nicholas II (1894) from the death of Stalin (1953). This course will explore many of these changes, with special attention paid to the social and political impact of wars (the Russo-Japanese War, World War I, the Civil War, and the Great Patriotic War) and revolutions (of 1905 and 1917), the ideological conflicts they engendered, and the comparative historical context in which they transpired. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 242. Communism, Cold War, Collapse: Russia since Stalin In this course, we will explore the history of Russia and other former Soviet states in the period after the death of Stalin, exploring the workings of the communist system and the challenges it faced internally and internationally. We will investigate the nature of the late Soviet state and look at the different trajectories Russia and other post-soviet states have followed since the end of the Soviet Union. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Spring—Adeeb Khalid

HIST 243. The Peasants are Revolting! Society and Politics in the Making of Modern France Political propaganda of the French Revolutionary period tells a simple story of downtrodden peasants exploited by callous nobles, but what exactly was the relationship between the political transformations of France from the Renaissance through the French Revolution and the social, religious, and cultural tensions that characterized the era? This course explores the connections and conflicts between popular and elite culture as we survey French history from the sixteenth through early nineteenth centuries, making comparisons to social and political developments in other European countries along the way. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 245. Ireland: The Origin of the Troubles The religious and political tensions and violence that have characterized modern Irish history have deep roots in centuries of troubled relations between Ireland and England. This course examines Irish history with a special focus on Anglo-Irish relations from Tudor colonization through the Great Hunger of the nineteenth century. We will also be examining the very different ways in which Irish history is told by nationalist and revisionist scholars. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 248. Berlin Program: Monuments and Memory: A Cultural History of Berlin Berlin is the center of a transnational space both German-speaking and vibrantly multicultural. This course will examine Berlin’s complicated history and culture through its monuments, museums, and other sites of commemoration. Using Berlin as our text, we will gain insights into the significant historical events that shaped the society and culture of Germany’s capital city. Where relevant, we will discuss developments in Germany and Central Europe more generally, and incorporate visits to nearby cities into the course. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 249. Two Centuries of Tumult: Modern Central Europe An examination of the political, social, and cultural history of Central Europe from 1848 to the present day. We will explore the evolution of state and civil society in the multicultural/multinational regions of the present-day Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, as well as eastern Germany and Austria. Much of the course will focus on the common experiences of authoritarianism, anti-Semitism, fascism/Nazism, and especially the Communist era and its dissolution. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Winter—D. Tompkins

HIST 250. Modern Germany This course offers a comprehensive examination of German history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. We will look at the German-speaking peoples of Central Europe through the prism of politics, society, culture, and the economy. Through a range of readings, we will grapple with the many complex and contentious issues that have made German history such an interesting area of intellectual inquiry. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Fall—D. Tompkins

HIST 252. China and Its Neighbors, ca. 1200-1800 China as we know today has been ruled over by diverse groups of peoples who crisscrossed the boundaries between the steppe and sown fields. By taking a comparative historical approach, this course purports to relate Chinese history from ca. 1200 to ca. 1800 to its world-historical context. Students will examine various approaches to this topic, including the strategic cultures, the Altaic, and more recent colonialism model. Themes include the discursive construction of cultural and ethnic identities, multiple notions of frontiers (e.g., linear, zonal, layered), and alternative ways of constructing sovereignty claims distinct from that of the Westphalia System. 6 cr., HU, WR, RAD; HI, WR2, IS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 254. Colonialism in East Asia This course explores the colonialisms in East Asia, both internal and external. Students examine Chinese, Inner Asian, Japanese, and European colonialisms from the seventeenth century to the present. Geographically, students cover borderlands of East Asian empires (Tibet, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Manchuria, Fujian, Yunnan, Canton, Vietnam, Taiwan, Korea, Okinawa, and Hokkaido). Methodologically, students eschew power-politics and historical studies of "frontier" regions in order to analyze everyday aspects of colonial arrangements and communities in different historical moments from the bottom up. Topics include ethnic identities, racial discourses, colonial settlements, opium regimes, violence and memory (e.g. Nanjing massacre), and forced labor migrations (e.g. comfort women). 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, IS, Winter—S. Yoon

HIST 255. Print Culture and Nationalism in East Asia Has a public sphere ever existed in East Asia? Is there freedom of the press in East Asian history? To some, these questions may sound counter-intuitive in that the book industry and a reading public emerged much earlier in the region than any other parts in the world. This course will examine how printing and press-like activities shaped national consciousness in China, Japan, and Korea. Students will analyze communication circuits that linked authors, journalists, shippers, booksellers, itinerant storytellers, gossipers, listeners, and active readers. Sources will be drawn from poems, private letters, maps, pamphlets, handbills, local gazetteers, rumor mills, pictorials, and cartoons. 6 cr., HU, WR, RAD; HI, WR2, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 256. History of Urban China Who initiated the circulation of new ideas and novel communicative behaviors in urban China? Is there anything Chinese about the "public" forged in Chinese cities? This course adopts a comparative and integrative approach to examine the studies of major ritual centers (e.g., Beijing), market towns, and foreign concessions (e.g., Shanghai). Thematically, students will analyze the ongoing tension between time and place as expressed in the conflict between China's colonial past and its search for national identity. This course is open to all those interested, while it is pitched mainly for those who will participate in the Urban History Seminar in Beijing. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, IS, Offered in alternate years. Spring—S. Yoon

HIST 259. Women in South Asia: Histories, Narratives and Representation The objective of this course is to survey the historical institutions, practices and traditions that defined the position of women in India. We will examine the laws and religious traditions related to women in South Asia including marriage, inheritance, sati and purdah. We will also consider the role and position of European women in India. Readings will include stories and memoirs from the colonial and post-colonial period. Representations of both European and Indian women in Indian and European cinema will also be examined. The purpose of the course is to understand women in India as both the object and subject of history 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Spring—Amna Khalid

HIST 260. The Making of the Modern Middle East A survey of major political and social developments from the fifteenth century to the beginning of World War I. Topics include: state and society, the military and bureaucracy, religious minorities (Jews and Christians), and women in premodern Muslim societies; the encounter with modernity. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Fall—Adeeb Khalid

HIST 263. Disease, Medicine and Empire This course explores the social history of disease and medicine in the context of the British Empire. We will consider the colonial experience in Africa and India and focus on medical encounters, the role of medicine and disease in hindering and/or facilitating imperial expansion and control, the interaction between western medicine and indigenous systems of healing, the role of medicine in the construction of race and difference, and the rise of western medical education and institutions in the colonies. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 265. Central Asia in the Modern Age Central Asia--the region encompassing the post-Soviet states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, and the Xinjiang region of the People’s Republic of China--is often considered one of the most exotic in the world, but it has experienced all the excesses of the modern age. After a basic introduction to the long-term history of the steppe, this course will concentrate on exploring the history of the region since its conquest by the Russian and Chinese empires. We will discuss the interaction of external and local forces as we explore transformations in the realms of politics, society, culture, and religion. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 266. History of Islam in India The countries of South Asia--particularly India, Pakistan and Bangladesh--are collectively home to the world’s largest Muslim population. This course will examine the history and significance of the expansion of Islam into the Indian subcontinent, with an emphasis on topics including poetry and art, trade, Islamic concepts of law and justice, mysticism, and popular religion. We will study the development of specifically Indian forms of Islam, with a focus on the interaction of Muslims with non-Muslim communities. We will also examine the wide variety of socio-political movements which emerged among Muslim communities in the colonial and post-colonial eras. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 268. The Indian Ocean World in the Age of European Expansion Five years after Columbus’s voyage to the New World, Vasco Da Gama navigated his way to the real Indies. The advent of Europeans in the Indian Ocean had a gradual but significant impact on trade and the balance of power in the Indian Ocean world. We will examine how the growing influence of the Portuguese, the Dutch and finally the British influenced not only trading patterns but also the interactions between the littoral regions and communities. Topics covered include commodities and markets; slavery, forced labor and pilgrims; diasporic communities and the challenges of assimilation; and port cities as disease frontiers. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 272. The Mexican Revolution The first major revolution of the twentieth century, the Mexican Revolution of 1910 exerted a profound and enduring influence that extended well beyond the nation’s borders. This course begins with an examination of the historical origins of the conflict before delving into both its domestic and international dimensions. The second half of the term focuses on the emergence of an authoritarian post-revolutionary state, its efforts to transform the nation’s economy, society and culture, as well as the challenges these projects generated among grassroots movements and political, artistic, and intellectual dissidents. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Offered in alternate years. Spring—A. Fisher

HIST 273. Go-Betweens and Rebels in the Andean World This course examines the dynamics of imperial rule in the vertical world of the Andes from the time of the Inca, through Spanish rule, and beyond. Of particular interest will be the myriad roles played by indigenous intermediaries who bridged the social, political and cultural gap between their communities and the state. While critical for maintaining the imperial order, these individuals also served as a galvanizing source of popular resistance against the state. Emphasis will be placed on the reading of translated primary sources written by a diverse group of Andean cultural intermediaries and rebels. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 276. The African Diaspora in Latin America A study of the participation of peoples of African descent in the creation of Latin American societies and culture. After an examination of the Atlantic slave trade, the course will survey the institution of African slavery in colonial societies with particular attention given to urban versus rural slavery, slave resistance and rebellion, maroon communities, gender relations, manumission, and cultural continuities and innovations. The course concludes with a consideration of the experiences of freed peoples in post-abolition societies and the historical legacy of slavery. Some background knowledge of Latin American history is recommended. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, QRE, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 278. The Spanish Inquisition The Inquisition was the Spanish crown’s principal tool for combating heterodoxy and deviance. This course examines the Tribunal’s campaigns to eradicate religious, cultural, racial, sexual, and political sources of contagion in both Spain and the New World. Through the prism of its sources, including the interrogations and confessions of the accused, we will study the Inquisition’s prosecution of a range of alleged crimes, including relapsed conversion (of Jews, Muslims and Indians), witchcraft, diabolism, homosexuality, and female mysticism. Particular care will be given to the methodological challenges involved in using inquisition sources for the study of popular culture and religion. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Offered in alternate years. Winter—A. Fisher

HIST 279. American Intellectual History A study of selected moments in the history of ideas from Puritanism to Pragmatism. The major focus will be on the classic writing of William Bradford, Anne Hutchinson, Jonathan Boucher, William Bartram, Henry David Thoreau, Oliver Wendell Holmes, William James and John Dewey. Students will examine the ideas of one writer in depth and analyze that writer's attempt to shape public policy. Using Louis Menand's prize-winning The Metaphysical Club, we will explore the attempt of post-Civil War thinkers to craft a social philosophy for the modern world of industry and science. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 280. Africans in the Arab World This course is part of the off-campus winter break program, involving two linked courses in fall and winter terms. This course is the first class in the sequence. This course examines African people's existence as religious, political, and military leaders, and as slaves and poets in Arab societies from ancient to modern times. It also interrogates the experiences of men as eunuchs, and of women as concubines and wives. Beginning with the pre-Islamic era, it highlights the movement of Africans from the Sahara Desert to the Nile valley, from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. It traces the experiences of peoples whose dark skin became equated with slave status (and the legacy of slavery) even as they became loyal followers of Islam in the Arab world. 6 cr., HU, WR, RAD; HI, WR2, IS, Fall—T. Willis

HIST 281. War in Modern Africa This course examines the Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafra War, 1967-1970, and its implications for post-colonial Nigerian and African history. Clashes between two ethnic groups, the Igbo and the Hausa, culminated in a failed attempt by the Igbo-dominated south to secede from the nation of Nigeria and establish Biafra as an independent country. What role did colonialism play in igniting and fueling the tensions that culminated in the war? What was the role of the media in the war? What light does the Biafra War shed on modern conflict in Africa? 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 282. Masquerades in Africa This course explores the relevance of masks, animated in masquerade performances, to the practice of reconstructing the African past. Students learn (1) how the peoples of Africa have performed masquerades to both record and reenact the past; (2) how nineteenth- and twentieth-century explorers and ethnographers have described masks and masquerades; (3) how various elements of these performances offer evidence from which scholars can reconstruct the past; and (4) how to identify and interpret the paradigms and politics that inform the production of both the masks themselves and the ethnographic accounts of their significance in African culture. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 285. Museums, Monuments, and Memory "History" is not just the name of a department at Carleton College; "History-making" is an activity engaged in by everybody, everyday. We watch historical movies, listen to political leaders invoking history in making policy, tour historic sites and museums, etc. We listen to our elders tell us stories about their lives, and we tell ourselves stories that place our experiences into the historical continuum. This course ranges widely over the varied and sometimes risky terrain of contemporary history-making in Minnesota and beyond to examine preservation organizations, museums, archives, oral history projects, documentary films, historic sites, schools, theater, TV, and cyberspace. 3 cr., HU; HI, IDS, Spring—B. Horrigan

HIST 286. Africans in the Arab World: On Site and Revisited This course is the second part of a two-term sequence. It begins with a two-week December-break trip to Dubai, UAE, to visit museums, mosques, other heritage sites, universities, media outlets, and markets. It promotes dialogue with Afro-Arab women around the historical constructions of gender, race, and ethnicity in heritage sites, Islam, Arab media, academic institutions, and popular culture. Ultimately, students will ponder Afro-Arab women's voice and visibility beyond the home in this Arab society. Then upon return to Carleton, students will reflect upon their experiences in the UAE, analyze their data, and present it in oral, written, and visual formats. Prerequisite: History 280. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Winter—T. Willis

HIST 298. Junior-year History Colloquium In the junior year, majors must take a six-credit reading and discussion course taught each year by different members of the department faculty. The general purpose of History 298 is to help students reach a more sophisticated understanding of the nature of history as a discipline and of the approaches and methods of historians. A major who is considering off-campus study in the junior year should consult with their adviser on when to take History 298. 6 cr., ND; HI, Fall,Winter—Adeeb Khalid

HIST 306. American Wilderness To many Americans, wild lands are among the nation’s most treasured places. Yosemite, Yellowstone, the Grand Canyon, Joshua Tree--the names alone evoke a sense of awe, naturalness, beauty, even love. But, where do those ideas and feelings come from, and how have they both reflected and shaped American cultural, political and environmental history over the last four centuries? These are the central issues and questions that we will pursue in this seminar. Prerequisite: History 205 or consent of instructor. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, IDS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 308. American Cities and Nature Since the nation’s founding, the percentage of Americans living in cities has risen nearly sixteenfold, from about 5% to the current 79%. This massive change has spawned legions of others, and all of them have bearing on the complex ways that American cities and city-dwellers have shaped and reshaped the natural world. This course will consider the nature of cities in American history, giving particular attention to the dynamic linkages binding these cultural epicenters to ecological communities, environmental forces and resource flows, to eco-politics and social values, and to those seemingly far-away places we call farms and wilderness. Prerequisite: History 205 or permission of the instructor. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, IDS, Offered in alternate years. Winter—G. Vrtis

HIST 322. Civil Rights and Black Power This seminar treats the struggle for racial justice from World War II through the 1960s. Histories, journalism, music, and visual media illustrate black and white elites and grassroots people allied in this momentous epoch that ranges from a southern integrationist vision to northern Black Power militancy. The segregationist response to black freedom completes the study. Research project on twenty-first century Minnesota hate groups. 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IDS, Offered in alternate years. Winter—H. Williams

HIST 324. The Concord Intellectuals The social and intellectual history of the American Renaissance with focus on selected works of Emerson, Thoreau, Amos Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller. Special emphasis will be placed on the one common denominator uniting these intellectuals: their devotion to the possibilities of democracy. Prerequisite: History 120 or consent of the instructor. 6 cr., HU; HI, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 346. The Holocaust This course will grapple with the difficult and complicated phenomenon of the genocide of the Jews of Europe. We will explore anti-Semitism in its historical context, both in the German-speaking lands as well as in Europe as a whole. The experience of Jews in Nazi Germany will be an area of focus, but this class will look at European Jews more broadly, both before and during the Second World War. The question of responsibility and guilt will be applied to Germans as well as to other European societies, and an exploration of victims will extend to other affected groups. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Offered in alternate years. Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 360. Muslims and Modernity Through readings in primary sources in translation, we will discuss the major intellectual and cultural movements that have influenced Muslim thinkers from the nineteenth century on. Topics include modernism, nationalism, socialism, and fundamentalism. Prerequisite: at least one prior course in the history of the Middle East or Central Asia or Islam. 6 cr., HU, WR, RAD; HI, WR2, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 371. Feathered Serpents, Flower-Songs, and Water Mountains: In Search of the World of the Aztecs This course examines the indigenous cultures and societies of Mexico before and after the Spanish conquest. In addition to the assigned reading, students will be provided hands-on experience working with an array of sources produced by indigenous authors and artists. This rich corpus of material includes: ritual calendars, maps, songs and poems, land deeds, dynastic annals and chronicles, town council records, church murals, and wills and testaments. The college’s collection of Mesoamerican codices will play a prominent role in our investigation. Students conclude the term with a presentation and write-up of a collaborative research project. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 381. History, Memory and the Atlantic World: Ghana and the United This reading and research seminar prepares students for a winter-break field trip in Ghana. It investigates four major questions: did contemporary Gold Coast merchants participate in the Atlantic world slave trade as willing partners or did they make irrational decisions? How do Ghanaians remember slavery, British colonization, and the struggle for independence? What roles did W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, Shirley Graham Du Bois, and Richard Wright play in Ghana's cultural life: Why did Maya Angelou and other American writers and artists move to Ghana during the Civil Rights Movement? 6 cr., HU, RAD; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 382. History, Memory, and the Atlantic World: On Site and Revisited The first part of the seminar is a 15-day winter break field trip to Ghana. Fieldwork begins in Accra, the seat of national government since 1877. The capital is the base for lectures by University of Ghana professors and for visits to sites representing important moments in Ghana's post-colonial history. The trip continues to Kumasi, capital of the Ashanti Region and once an inland terminus of major slave trading routes to the Atlantic coast. Kumasi is the base for day trips to traditional craft villages and for lectures by professors at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST). 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 386. Disease, Health, and Healing in Modern African History In this course, we will examine the history of disease, health, and healing in the context of changing economic, cultural, and political relations in Africa. Topics to be discussed include African medical ideas and practices, therapeutic pluralism, colonial medicine, social/public responses to disease, patient experiences, and controversies surrounding HIV/AIDS. We will pay attention to questions of power, agency, and gender as we discuss these topics. The course will highlight the key themes, historiographies, and methodologies in the history of disease, health, and healing in modern African history. 6 cr., HU; HI, IS, Not offered in 2012-2013.

HIST 395. Voyages of Understanding This seminar will focus on historical understandings of the experience of travel. We will look at motivations for travel; ideas about place, space, and geography; contacts with people of different religions, ethnicities, and cultures; the effect of travel on individual and group identity; and representations of travel, cultural contact, and geography in texts, maps, and images. Each student will conduct an original research project leading to a 25-30 page research paper. 6 cr., HU, WR; HI, WR2, IS, Fall—V. Morse

HIST 395. Dictatorships and Authoritarian Movements This seminar examines the phenomena of modern dictatorships and authoritarian movements throughout the world. We will broadly engage the main historiographical debates, and we will focus specifically on the establishment of these regimes and the leadership and political structures that emerged, as well as recent literature on women, everyday life and mentalities, and high and popular culture. A major research paper is required, as is critical engagement with readings both theoretical and practical through both writing and classroom discussion. 6 cr., HU; HI, Offered in alternate years. Spring—D. Tompkins

HIST 397. Senior Research Proposal Completion of a research proposal, working with an adviser. Satisfactory completion of this senior requirement depends upon approval of the proposal by the faculty adviser and the department. 3 cr., S/CR/NC, HU; HI, Fall—Staff

HIST 398. Advanced Historical Writing This course is designed to support majors in developing advanced skills in historical research and writing. Through a combination of class discussion, small group work, and one-on-one interactions with the professor, majors learn the process of constructing sophisticated, well-documented, and well-written historical arguments within the context of an extended project of their own design. They also learn and practice strategies for engaging critically with contemporary scholarship and effective techniques of peer review and the oral presentation of research. Concurrent enrollment in History 400 required. By permission of the instructor only. 6 cr., S/CR/NC, HU, WR; HI, WR2, Winter—T. Willis, S. Zabin

HIST 400. Integrative Exercise Required of all seniors majoring in history. Registration in this course is contingent upon prior approval of a research proposal. 3 cr., S/NC, ND; NE, Winter—Staff