History (HIST)
Chair: Associate Professor Adeeb Khalid
Emeritus Professor: Robert E. Bonner
Professors: Clifford E. Clark, Jr., Kirk Jeffrey, Diethelm Prowe, Carl D. Weiner, Harry McKinley Williams
Visiting Professor: Robert E. Entenmann
Associate Professors: Anna Rachel Igra, Adeeb Khalid, Jamie Monson
Assistant Professors: Jeane Hunter Delaney, Victoria Morse, William North, Susannah R. Ottaway, Parna Sengupta, SeungJoo Yoon, Serena R. Zabin
Visiting Assistant Professor: Helena Pohlandt-McCormick
Minority Scholar in Residence: Andrew Rosa
Requirements for a Major:
A total of 66 credits from courses taken in the History Department. First year seminars (History 110s) and the comprehensive exercise both count toward the total number of credits. Certain courses offered outside the History Department may count toward the major; consult the department chair for specific information. Courses in ancient history are taught in the Classics department. Credit toward the major will also be awarded for a 4 or 5 on the Advanced Placement examination in American or European History.
A student must take courses in at least three of the following eight fields: Africa, East Asia, South Asia, Latin America, Middle East/Islamic history, Europe to 1450, Europe Since 1450, and the United States. The Department expects that a student majoring in History will complete four courses (24 credits) in his or her primary field and two courses (12 credits) in each of two secondary fields. At least one of the student's three fields must be non-western history—East Asia, South Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Middle East/Islamic history—and one of the fields must be in western history (Europe before 1450, Europe After 1450, United States including African-American history). In consultation with faculty, students may also propose a self-designed thematic field as their primary field (e.g., Gender and History, Colonialism, Central Asia). Interested students should consult the department for more information. The History major must complete a research seminar (History 395), normally in the primary field, the History Colloquium (History 298), and the senior integrative exercise (History 400).
Some courses numbered below 200 are open to first year students. First year students may not register in courses numbered 200 and above without the written permission of the instructor. It is recommended that students planning to major in history take History 110 and one or two other courses during their first year. History majors who are interested in study and research in a major library should consider the Newberry Library Seminar program. (See the index) See History Department website at http://www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/HIST/.
History Courses
HIST 110. The 1947 Partition of India The Partition of India into the post-colonial nation-states of India and Pakistan in 1947 was one of the most tumultuous events in modern history: over twelve million people were displaced and almost one million died. Memories of the partition continue to haunt present day politics in the subcontinent. This course will look at how questions of religious, caste, class and gender identities shaped the events leading up to Partition and the ensuing violence. Using political writings, oral history, films and literature, we will attempt to bring together the grand politics, public memory, and private voices that shape our understanding of 1947. 6 credits cr., HU,RAD, Fall—P. Sengupta
HIST 110. The Internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II This course will examine the experience of Japanese immigrants to the U.S. between 1900 and 1941, the reasons behind the decision to intern West Coast Japanese-Americans during World War II, the experience of the internees, and the postwar reconciliation between Japanese-Americans and the country that had wronged them. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—K. Jeffrey
HIST 110. The Silk Road: Cultural Encounters in the Old World We take the division of the world into "East" and "West," "Europe" and "Asia" for granted. Yet, the land mass of Eurasia has always been interconnected with cultural and commercial ties that criss-cross across these seemingly "natural" boundaries. This seminar will explore the history of these interactions. We will focus on the nomadic empires of the Eurasian steppe which knit the Old World together in patterns of exchange. We will also ask questions about what "East" and "West," "Europe" and "Asia" are, where (and when) they begin, and what they mean to our vision of the world. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—A. Khalid
HIST 110. Trials in Early America Women and men of all races, ethnicities, and classes passed through the courts of early America. This course will be based primarily on trial transcripts and other court papers from seventeenth- and eighteenth-century America. We will use these documents as windows onto the contemporary legal, cultural, and social issues that these trials contested. Using secondary sources, the seminar will then put these issues into the larger contexts of contact, conflict, and assimilation in Dutch, Spanish, and British America. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—S. Zabin
HIST 110. An Introduction to African History This seminar will introduce students to the historical experiences of men and women in Africa. Topics include pre-colonial society, slavery, apartheid, resistance and post-independence. The emphasis will be on the historical analysis of documentary sources such as tales, epics, ethnographic materials, film, government documents, political pamphlets, oral narratives, colonial texts, art and artifacts, novels and autobiography. Students will also engage with the contentious debates that have shaped historical inquiry and meaning in Africa. 6 credits cr., HU,RAD, Fall—H. Pohlandt-McCormick
HIST 110. Three African American Voices of Protest, Reform, and Uplift, 1877-1915 We will examine the ideas and work of former slave and abolitionist Frederick Douglass, educator Booker T. Washington, and scholar/activist W.E.B. Du Bois between the collapse of Reconstruction and World War I, an era encompassing the rise of industry, imperialism, racial violence, and Jim Crow segregation in the American South. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—A. Rosa
HIST 110. German Revolutions of 1848 An exploration of the German Revolution of 1848 from a broad range of nineteenth-century intellectual perspectives--liberalism, conservatism, Romanticism, Marxism--and through contemporary analyses and socioeconomic change. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—D. Prowe
HIST 110. Saints, Sinners and Philosophers in Late Antiquity This seminar seeks to understand the spiritual, cultural, and social dynamics of the Roman world's transition from paganism to Christianity through a careful examination of its cultural and religious heroes: the philosopher, the martyr, and the saint. Using contemporary primary sources, we shall attempt to better understand how philosophers and saints related to the divine and to the world. What styles of life characterized the legitimate philosopher and true holy man from the imposter? What kinds of authority and power did these individuals wield and how did their roles in communities change over space and time? 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—W. North
HIST 110. The English Civil War In the middle of the seventeenth century, English society was "turned upside down" by the civil war. Radical religious sects sprang up, preaching such subversive ideas as equal rights for all men and women, and government broke down at both national and local levels. This seminar examines this crucial time in English history using both primary and secondary sources. The course also focuses on some of the lively historical debates concerning the civil war period. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—S. Ottaway
HIST 110. Historians and Antebellum American Slavery This seminar will investigate the rich outpouring of scholarship on the slave's experience in the American South. We will move from Phillips's classic study to revisionist monographs that treat slave personality, culture, community, and women, among other topics. We will examine the reasons historians arrive at conflicting interpretations of slavery and their methods of inquiry and analysis. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—H. Williams
HIST 110. Natives and Newcomers in Early America This seminar will examine selected relations among Native Americans, Europeans and Africans from Columbus and Cortes through the American Revolution. In peace and at war, these different people dealt with each other through cultural, economic, religious, political, social and military interaction. Through readings, discussions and papers, we will try to see early American contacts through the eyes of its natives and newcomers. Open to first year students and sophomores. 6 cr., HU, Spring—S. Zabin
HIST 112. Introduction to Contemporary India Cross-listed with ASST 112. This course is intended both for students who want only a brief introduction to aspects of South Asian culture and for those who wish to add a multi-faceted look at contemporary India to a more serious study of South Asia. Lectures on aspects of India are presented in class with Monday evenings devoted to lectures by outside speakers, films, slide lectures, and performances. Topics change every year but may include: current political leadership; the status of women; modern writers; the untouchable movement; Indian classical music; the idea of a guru; the meaning of pilgrimage; and other topics. 3 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 118. Disease and History The impact of major infectious diseases such as smallpox, cholera, plague, syphilis, and tuberculosis on the human population and its institutions. Relation of disease to nutrition, migration, urban growth, sanitation, and warfare. The decline of epidemic disease, the rise of modern medicine and public health, and the world population explosion since the eighteenth century. Basic demographic concepts will be introduced. The course has no prerequisites, but a general interest in world geography and history is desirable. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 119. Frontiers in Early America This introduction to colonial American history will consider the frontier as both place and metaphor in order to understand this period. More than a simple geographic line, the early American frontier was also a zone of racial, gender, economic, and military interactions between peoples, empires, and cultures. Through the idea of the frontier, this class will explore the wide range of ideologies and experiences in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century North America. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 120, 121. Rethinking the American Experience: American Social History 1607-1865, 1865-1945 A survey of the American experience from before Christopher Columbus' arrival through the Civil War. Some of the topics we will cover include: contact between Native and European cultures; the development of the thirteen mainland British colonies; British, French, and Spanish imperial conflicts over the Americas; slavery; the American Revolution; religious "awakenings;" antebellum politics; and the Civil War. 6 credits each cr., HU, Fall—C. Clark, Spring — K. Jeffrey
HIST 137. Before Europe: The Early Medieval World, 250-c. 1050 Cross-listed with FRST 137. This course examines the formation of western Christendom from its origins in the Christian Roman Empire to its consolidation in the eleventh century. As we move from Merovingian Gaul, Lombard Italy, and Anglo-Saxon England to the Carolingian Empire and its successor kingdoms in Germany, France, and Italy, we will examine such issues as the cultural and political legacy of the Roman and Carolingian worlds; the nature and forms of secular and sacred power; gender roles and relations; ethnic and social identity; and the forms, patterns and meaning of communication (political, economic, ritual, literary, religious) both inside and outside early medieval Europe. 6 credits cr., HU, Spring—W. North
HIST 138. The Making of Europe What are the origins of what we call "Europe?" How did this corner of the Eurasian continent come to play a predominant role in world history? What forces worked to create or to undermine a recognizably "European" culture? While cultural developments and new institutions offered powerful sources of shared experience and practice, national states and self-conscious localisms introduced new lines of fragmentation. Through lectures and discussion of a wide variety of primary sources from the period this class will examine these competing tendencies as they shaped the history of Europe's peoples during the later Middle Ages and the early Renaissance. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 139. Foundations of Modern Europe A narrative and survey of the early modern period (fifteenth-eighteenth centuries). General areas to be covered: economy and society of pre-industrial Europe; the Reformation Age; the rise of the secular state; the scientific revolution; the culture of the Renaissance and the Baroque. Students are invited but not required to take History 140 as a follow-up to this course. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—S. Ottaway
HIST 140. Modern Europe 1789-1914 Cross-listed with FRST 140. . An introduction in the age of political and social revolutions. Emphasis is given to the impact of industrialization, the rise of national consciousness, and the search for progress through the great liberal and socialist movements, and ultimately the drive for global domination and development, students are invited but not required to take HIST 141 as a follow-up to this course. 6 credits cr., HU, Winter—D. Prowe
HIST 141. Europe in the Twentieth Century Cross-listed with FRST 141. A survey of the major political, socio-economic, and intellectual developments of twentieth-century Europe. Special emphasis will be placed on the rise of urban masses and private economic power and the attempts to integrate these new forces into a stable political system. 6 credits cr., HU, Spring—D. Prowe
HIST 142. The Peasants are Revolting! Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe Cross-listed with FRST 142. . This course examines daily life in France, England and the German states from the fifteenth through the eighteenth centuries. Topics include popular recreation and literature; popular rebellions and protest; religious practices; and work habits. We will focus on the question of the division between elite and "plebeian" cultures in this period. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 150. Japan Before 1868 An introduction to the history of Japan from its pre-historical past to the fall of the Tokugawa order in 1868. It examines the ways in which the Japanese civilization has been shaped by its political institutions, foreign relations, religious developments, social forms, and literary achievements. Topics include the sources and legitimization of ancient political power; aristocracy in medieval times; the popularization of various sects of Buddhism; the rise of the warrior class; agrarian society and peasant rebellions; urban lives of artisans, merchants, and entertainers; and the world of popular literature and arts. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 151. History of Japan Since 1868 This course explores the modern transformation of Japanese society, politics, economy, and culture from the Meiji Restoration of 1868 to the present. It is designed to provide students with an opportunity to explore basic issues and problems relating to modern Japanese history and international relations. Topics include the intellectual crisis of the late Tokugawa period, the Meiji Constitution, the development of an imperial democracy, class and gender, the rise of Japanese fascism, the Pacific War, and postwar developments. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 152. History of Imperial China An introduction to the history of China from its beginnings to the end of the last dynasty in 1911, providing an overview of traditional Chinese thought, culture, institutions, and society. Students examine the development of philosophy and religion, achievements in art and literature, and social and economic change. This course also considers foreign conquest dynasties, Chinese expansion into Inner Asia, and China's relations with the West. 6 credits cr., HU,RAD, Fall—R. Entenmann
HIST 153. History of Modern China This course, a continuation of History 152 ("History of Imperial China"), offers a critical survey of the modern transformation of politics, economy, society, and culture in Chinese history from the eighteenth century to the present. Topics include neo-Confucianism, the bureaucracy, the repudiation of civil society, the interaction with the West, peasant rebellions, nationalism, party politics, the dynamics of Communist rule, and alternative Chinese societies both inside and outside Mainland China. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 156. History of Modern Korea An historical survey on the development of Korean society and culture from the fifteenth century to the present. Students will analyze various aspects of Korean life such as autocracy and bureaucracy, family and education, peasantry and rural life, commerce and industry, Yangban literary enterprises, and religious orientations, both elite and popular. In addition, sections will also be devoted to a discussion of Korea's interactions with its neighbors, including China, Inner Asia, Japan, Europe, and America. North Korea, for example, will be examined in terms of colonialism and post-colonialism as well as Cold War contexts 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 160. History of Classical India This course will look at classical Indian civilization by examining the interconnectedness of its political and social institutions, religions, and material life. We begin with the Indus Valley civilization (2500 B.C.) and end with the Turkish Sultanate in Northern India (1525 A.D.). Ancient India has recently become the object of intense political debate; we will consider the implications of current debates and the challenges and methods of reconstructing India's history. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—P. Sengupta
HIST 161. History of Modern India A survey of the modern history of the Indian sub-continent from the establishment of the Mughal Court in North India (1525 A.D.) to the present including the Indian Ocean trade, the Southern independent kingdoms, British colonial rule, nationalism and post-colonial South Asia. Students will be asked to consider the differences between the early modern, colonial, and national states and empires on the subcontinent. 6 credits cr., HU,RAD, Spring—P. Sengupta
HIST 170. Modern Latin America Cross-listed with LTAM 170. An introduction to Latin American history with emphasis on the post-1750 period. Beginning with a discussion of the legacies of Iberian colonialism, we will trace the development of major Latin American nations as they have wrestled with the problems of political instability and economic dependency. Attention will also be paid to major intellectual developments and the distinctive cultural patterns of Latin American societies. 6 credits cr., HU, Spring—J. DeLaney
HIST 171. Spain and Its Empire, 1492-1820 This course will survey the history of Spanish empire from the time of Columbus to the Latin American Wars of independence of the early nineteenth century. In addition to the history of colonial Latin America, the course emphasizes the history of Spain's contiguous empire in Europe. Bridging the study of the colonies to that of the metropole, students will learn about both the conquest and settlement of the Americas as well as the history of imperial Habsburg and Bourbon Spain in the "Old World." 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 180. An Historical Survey of East Africa and the Horn Cross-listed with AFAM 180. Linkages to the trade networks of the Indian Ocean and to the African interior provide excellent material for the study of the impact of long-distance trade on African social, political and economic development from the turn of the millennium to the present. Using case studies and primary documents, this course will survey the history of Eastern and Northeastern Africa from 1000 B.C. to the present. 6 credits cr., HU,RAD, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 181. West African Societies in Historical Perspective Cross-listed with AFAM 181. West Africa was the location of the earliest development of large-scale state formation south of the Sahara. Beginning with Ancient Ghana, this course will examine the political and economic history of West Africa with a focus on long-distance trade (both the Saharo-Sudanese and Atlantic trade networks) and political centralization. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 182. A Survey of Southern African History Cross-listed with AFAM 182. This course will review the history of southern Africa from the Late Neolithic period to the twentieth century. The development of a multiracial society; the impact of the mineral/industrial revolution in the nineteenth century; and the growth of African resistance and nationalism up to the present will be the focal points. 6 credits cr., HU, Winter—J. Monson
HIST 190. Technology in American History Cross-listed with ENTS 190. What is technology? Why study its history? Is technology fundamentally different in modern times than it was in earlier periods of human history? How does technological change occur? Is technology out of control or is it subject to human shaping and direction? This course will investigate such questions using examples from throughout human history and from several different civilizations. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 199. Foreign Language Option This course offers students with proficiency in Greek the opportunity to work with extracts from histories, letters, laws, hagiography, and other genres from the Middle and Late Byzantine periods (ca. 800-1450) in the original language. Students will also explore aspects of Byzantine manuscript and book production, palaeography, and literary history through readings and work with facsimiles and photographs. Classes will consist of translation and discussion of Greek texts, discussion of the historical issues that they raise, and min-lectures. Prerequisite: Completion of a 200-level Greek course. 2 credits cr., S/CR/NC, ND, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 200. The Zen of Asian and Western Woodworking This course will contrast traditional Chinese and Japanese philosophies of woodworking to those used in England and the U.S. through readings, museum visits, and hands-on projects in the woodshop. The focus will be on the history of the design and construction of furniture using traditional hand tools. Particular attention will be paid to the impact of Ming Dynasty furniture design on the furniture constructed in colonial America. We will also explore some of the complexities of cultural borrowing and cultural difference. Students will be responsible both for writing essays and for completing several small projects made out of wood. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 201. Greek History: The Greek World From the Rise of the City-State to the Rise of the Hellenistic Kingdo Cross-listed with CLAS 227. A survey of the civilization of the ancient Greeks, emphasizing the evolution of the city-state as a cohesive social, political, and economic organism. The development of the city-state as a response to the physical environment of Greece will form a component of this study, as will a discussion of the historical method: how do we use the few surviving archaeological remains and little written evidence to reconstruct the history of these people and their institutions? The period covered in depth will run from the beginning of the city-state ca. 750 B.C. to the conquests of Alexander the Great (336-323 B.C.) and the legacy of international monarchies that followed. 6 credits cr., HU, Spring—N. Wilkie
HIST 202. Roman History, Republic and Principate Cross-listed with CLAS 228. Introduction to the basic facts of political history from the Etruscan period to the early third century A.D. Readings in literary works and primary sources with emphasis on historiography and interpretation of evidence. Some attention to art and architecture. May be counted toward the History major. 6 credits cr., HU,RAD, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 203. The Later Roman Empire, Byzantium and Islam Cross-listed with CLAS 229. Introduction to the basic facts of political history of the Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic empires from the third to the ninth centuries A.D. Readings and discussion of primary texts from the points of view of social, intellectual, and particularly religious history. Some attention to art and architecture; individual projects of research and interpretation. An important goal is to understand the phenomena of Christianity and Islam in their native context, the Mediterranean world of late antiquity. May be counted toward the History major. 6 credits cr., HU,RAD, Winter—J. Bryce
HIST 204. Crusade, Contact and Exchange in the Medieval Mediterranean The theory that the focus of affairs in Europe turned northwards after the Muslim conquests of North Africa and Spain has been highly influential in shaping courses on medieval Europe. More recently, however, attention has focused on the rich culture of contact among the peoples of the Mediterranean throughout the medieval period. Through lectures and critical discussion of primary sources, this course will explore the many faces of this contact, including trade, warfare, political ties, missions, and artistic and intellectual influences. Our primary focus will be on the Christian European experience, but we will also study Jewish, Muslim and Byzantine sources. 6 credits cr., HU, Spring—V. Morse
HIST 210. Studies in Traditional Societies: Bandits, Outlaws and Other Rebels: A Comparative History Are bandits and outlaws "Primitive Rebels?" Images of the bandit-hero abound in history and folklore, from Robin Hood, Blackbeard, Jesse James and Bonnie and Clyde. In this course, we will examine criminality as a form of resistance in the history of selected societies around the world. Using both theoretical texts and examples from case studies, we will discuss whether smuggling, poaching, riots and plunder can be considered rebellious acts. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 212. The American Revolution This class will examine the American Revolution as both a process and a phenomenon. It will consider the relationship of the American Revolution to social, cultural, economic, political, and ideological change in the lives of Americans from the founding fathers to the disenfranchised, focusing on the period 1750-1800. The central question of the course is this: how revolutionary was the Revolution? Students without a solid grounding in early American history should read Edmund S. Morgan, The Birth of the Republic (Chicago: 1993), before the first class. 6 credits cr., HU, Winter—S. Zabin
HIST 213. The Early American Republic This course will examine the social, political and cultural history of the period 1783-1830 with special consideration of the framing and ratification of the Constitution and the defining of the "United States." Historians contend that the period covered by this course is the key era of social transformation in American history. To assess this hypothesis, we will examine changes in race, gender, and class relations within the context of economic and geographical expansion and religious revitalization. We will explore paradoxes of American democracy and citizenship as they developed in the early Republic. Previous knowledge of American history will be assumed. 6 credits cr., HU, Spring—S. Zabin
HIST 214. The Civil War Era This course will examine the American Civil War as a defining moment in this country's history. We will study the years leading up to the war as well as the Reconstruction period following it, and trace such themes as the definitions of citizenship to freedom; the role of the federal government and race relations. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—K. Jeffrey
HIST 217. From Ragtime to Football, U.S. History in the 1890's The 1890s were a period of turmoil. From the closing of the frontier West to the debates over imperialism, immigrants, ragtime music, and football, Americans tried to come to terms with the changing standards and social relationships of the modern world. Using original sources from the period, this course will explore the various debates over war, women's roles, sports, art, music, politics, and popular culture in the 1890s. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 218. History, Memory, and the Vietnam War What is the difference between history and memory of past events? Do members of different generations remember historical events differently? In this course we will first examine the political, diplomatic, and military events of the Vietnam War, then look at oral histories and memoirs as historical sources about the war. Students will then put their knowledge about oral history into practice by taking oral histories from elderly residents of Northfield. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 219. Postwar U.S.: 1945-1975 Major events of American history from 1945 to the mid-1970s, including the Cold War and the nuclear arms race, McCarthyism, the civil rights movement, Vietnam, Watergate, and the first energy crisis. Some attention to popular images of American life in the 1950s and 1960s. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 220. African American History I Cross-listed with AFAM 220. The transition of the slave from an African to an African-American either directly or indirectly through the institution of slavery until 1865. Special attention will be given to individuals, organizations, and philosophies proposing solutions to the African- and Euro-American dilemma. Previous knowledge of American history is desirable. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 221. African American History II Cross-listed with AFAM 221. The transition from slavery to freedom; the post-Reconstruction erosion of civil rights and the ascendancy of Booker T. Washington; protest organizations and mass migration before and during World War I; the postwar resurgence of black nationalism; African Americans in the Great Depression and World War II; roots of the modern Civil Rights movement. 6 credits cr., HU, Winter—A. Rosa
HIST 222. U.S. Women's History to 1877 Cross-listed with WGST 222. Gender, race, and class shaped women's participation in the arenas of work, family life, culture, and politics in the U.S. from the colonial period to the late nineteenth century. We will examine diverse women's experiences of colonization, industrialization, slavery and Reconstruction, religion, sexuality and reproduction, and social reform. Readings will include both primary and secondary sources, as well as historiographic articles outlining major frameworks and debates in the field of women's history. 6 credits cr., HU,RAD, Winter—A. Igra
HIST 223. U.S. Women's History Since 1877 Cross-listed with WGST 223. In the twentieth century women participated in the redefinition of politics and the state, sexuality and family life, and work and leisure as the U.S. became a modern, largely urban society. We will explore how the dimensions of race, class, ethnicity, and sexuality shaped diverse women's experiences of these historical changes. Topics will include: immigration, the expansion of the welfare system and the consumer economy, labor force segmentation and the world wars, and women's activism in civil rights, labor, peace and feminist movements. 6 credits cr., HU,RAD, Spring—A. Igra
HIST 226. Race and Gender in the American South Cross-listed with WGST 227. This course will examine the prominent and dramatic role that race and gender have played in shaping the life experiences of Southern women and men. Issues to be covered include slavery, Civil War and Reconstruction, industrialization and the New South, the KKK, and the Civil Rights movement. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 227. History of the American West Cross-listed with ENTS 227. This course treats the history of a distinctive region, the arid section of the United States between the 100th Meridian and the Sierra Nevada, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. We will study cultural interactions among the indigenous populations and the Euro-American immigrants, the development in the area of institutions and economic systems characteristic of European civilization, and the political and environmental consequences of those developments. 6 credits cr., HU, Winter—R. Bonner
HIST 228. American Indian History: Removal to Present This course is a survey of American Indian history ranging from Removal (1830s) to the present. The class will encompass the larger themes of America Indian history such as removal, the reservation and boarding school eras, the Indian New Deal, termination and relocation, and contemporary issues. We will emphasize American Indian individual and community efforts to maintain sovereignty, identity, religion, and culture. Moreover, we will examine the cultural, political, economic, and religious changes and continuities in American Indian communities. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 229. Gender and Work in U.S. History Cross-listed with WGST 229. Historically work has been a central location for the constitution of gender identities for both men and women; at the same time, cultural notions of gender have shaped the labor market. We will investigate the roles of race, class, and ethnicity in shaping multiple sexual divisions of labor and the ways in which terms such as skill, bread-winning and work itself were gendered. Topics will include domestic labor, slavery, industrialization, labor market segmentation, protective legislation, and the labor movement. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 230. Power, Sanctity, and the Search for Order: The Early Medieval World, 300-1000 The emergence of Latin/Germanic, Byzantine, and Islamic societies in the Mediterranean region; the nature and sites of political power and legitimacy; gender roles in medieval society; medieval conceptions of ethnicity; the nature of sanctity and the role of ascetics in society, and the dynamic interactions between universalist religions (Christianity and Islam) and local cultures. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 231. Order, Innovation, and Resistance: Europe in the Later Middle Ages, 1000-1400 This course will examine new ways of organizing, governing, and imagining the world that shaped the idea of what we call "Europe." We will pay particular attention to the national monarchies and bureaucracies, the Papacy, heresy and radical new interpretations of Christian life, the growing influence of the universities, courtly literature and ideals, and social and cultural discontent and resistance. All served to structure human thought and action in new ways, at times promoting, at times exploiting, and at times discouraging or violently repressing a variety of behaviors, experiences, and ideas. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 232. The Renaissance Through lectures and careful reading and discussion of primary sources and secondary essays, we will enter the creative, turbulent world of Renaissance Europe to assess continuities with and changes from the "medieval" world and to examine the differences between the northern and southern Renaissances. We will listen to contemporaries discuss the meaning of being human and ideal forms of civil society and government; the nature of God and mankind's duties toward the divine; the family and gender roles; definitions of beauty and the goals of artistic achievement; accumulation of wealth; and exploration of new worlds and encounters with other peoples. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—V. Morse
HIST 233. Cultures of Empire: Byzantium, 850-1453 Heir to the Roman Empire, Byzantium proved to be one of the most enduring and fascinating polities of the medieval world. Through written and visual evidence, we will examine the central features of Byzantine culture from the period of Iconoclasm to the Empire's fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, concentrating on the nature and function of imperial rule; Byzantine aesthetics and religiosity; Byzantium's response to the Crusades and Islam; and the changing nature of the Byzantine thought world. No prerequisites, but Classics 229 would be useful background. 6 credits cr., HU,RAD, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 234. France in the Making, 987-1460 Cross-listed with FRST 235. This course will examine the political and social transformations and cultural developments that conspired to make the kingdom of France one of the most influential and dynamic polities in the medieval world. Among the topics to be addressed: the ideals and practice of medieval governance; the formation of "French" national identity; France as a center of European intellectual and cultural life; forms of religious life, dissent, and persecution (the Albigensian Crusade, treatment of the Jews, and Trial of the Templars); and the ideals and realities of social relations (courtly romance, the rise of the merchant class, the status of women). 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 236. Women's Lives in Pre-Modern Europe Cross-listed with FRST 232,WGST 236. Did women have a Renaissance? Were women increasingly relegated to a separate sphere from men: "domesticated into the household? Or, on the contrary, is the history of European women characterized by fundamental continuities? This course seeks to answer these questions through an exploration of women's place in the family and economy, laws and cultural assumptions about women, and women's role in religion. Throughout the term, we will be focusing not only on writings about women, but primarily on sources written by women themselves, as we seek a fuller understanding of the nature of European women's lives before the modern era. 6 credits cr., HU, Winter—V. Morse, S. Ottaway
HIST 237. The Enlightenment Cross-listed with FRST 237. This course focuses on the texts of Enlightenment thinkers, including Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, Kant and Mesmer. Emphasis will be on French thinkers and the effect of the Enlightenment on French society. The course covers the impact of the Enlightenment on science, religion, politics and the position of women. Students will have the opportunity to read the philosophies in French. 6 credits cr., HU, Spring—S. Ottaway
HIST 238. Topics in Medieval History: Papacy, Church and Empire Cross-listed with RELG 238,FRST 238,WGST 233. In the late eleventh century, the foundations of medieval society began to shake. Monks and clerics, kings and princes, lay men and women, challenged the traditional order of European society, demanding purity, freedom, and justice for their church and the reform of institutions grown corrupt. Yet the traditional order had its defenders, too. In this course we will examine their struggles—verbal and physical—as they debate such issues as clerical marriage and purity, institutional corruption, the relationship of Church and King, the meaning of canon law, the concept of just war, and the power of the pope within the Church. 3 credits cr., HU, Winter—W. North
HIST 238. The World of Bede Cross-listed with RELG 238,FRST 238,WGST 233. This course will examine the works and world of the Venerable Bede (c. 673-731), one of the great Christian thinkers and historians of the Middle Ages and a key witness to the history of early medieval Ireland and Anglo-Saxon England. Through close study of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People and other contemporary sources, we shall address such issues as Christian vs. Germanic rulership; the nature of religious conversion in early medieval societies; monasticism and conceptions of sanctity; Ireland and England as outposts of classical and Christian culture; and the problems of historical thought and writing in the early Middle Ages. 3 Winter—W. North
HIST 238. Topics in Medieval History: Gender and Ethics in Medieval France Cross-listed with RELG 238,FRST 238,WGST 233. Acknowledged by contemporaries as one of the leading intellects of her time, Christine de Pizan (ca. 1364-ca. 1431) was an author of unusual literary range and perceptiveness. In addition to romances, poetry, and a quasi-autobiographical Vision, she composed works on political theory, arms and chivalry, and her famous defenses of women—The City of Ladies and the Treasure of the City of Ladies. Using Christine's writings as a foundation, we will explore problems and perceptions of gender, love, the ethics of personal relations, and the exercise of power in domestic and public spheres in late medieval France. 3 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 240. History of Russia to 1861 A survey of selected topics in Russian history including the emergence of Kievan Rus, the period of Mongol domination, the rise of Muscovy, Westernization under Peter the Great, and Russia's emergence as a major European power. We will pay special attention to social and cultural issues. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 241. History of Russia Since 1861 A continuation of History 240, this course focuses on the dilemmas of modernization and industrialization faced by both the Late Imperial and Soviet regimes in Russia after the Great Reforms of the 1860s. We will also deal with the social, cultural, and political responses to the regimes. 6 credits cr., HU, Winter—A. Khalid
HIST 242. History of the Working Class in Modern Europe This course will look at the social and political evolution of the Western European working class from its pre-industrial origins down to its reputed demise at the dawn of a post-industrial society. Topics under discussion will include: peasants into workers; from Guild to Trade Union; Utopian Socialism; the Marxist break; working class collective action and rebellion; mass trade unionism and mass-working-class parties; from Social democracy through Leninist vanguard; "middle class" respectability and the new militancy. 6 credits cr., HU, Spring—C. Weiner
HIST 244. History of European Diplomacy A study of modern European diplomacy from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. Special attention will be given to the evolution of diplomatic principles, concepts and methods. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 245. The Origin of the Troubles: England and Ireland in the Early Modern Period This course will focus on the troubled relationship between England and Ireland from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. The course balances the history of English colonization and repression with an analysis of Irish collaboration with the resistance to the English. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 246. Julie's Cross-listed with FRST 246,WGST 247. The eighteenth century witnessed the rise of the sentimental novel as a popular genre in both France and England. This course will examine the historical context of novels that depicted women as creatures that were often defined by their "sensibility." We will look at debates about the "nature of women" as well as at the social and economic roles actually played by women in this period. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 253. Bureaucracy, Law, and Religion in East Asia One tends to interpret East Asian polity in terms of rule by person rather than rule by law and of the unity between politics and religion. Students will examine the validity of these traditional conceptualizations through an analysis of the intricate interactions between bureaucratic behaviors, legal parameters, and religious orientations as evolved in the East Asian historical societies from its beginnings to the present. Students will discuss the relationships between autocracy and bureaucracy, church and state, aristocracy and literati ideals, eunuch prerogatives, samurai ethics, and yangban protocols, with a focus on various bureaucratic configurations (public, private, ecclesiastical, parallel, and interstitial). 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 258. Foreign Relations of East Asia in Modern Times This course explores the history of foreign relations in East Asia, with special attention given to its cultural underpinnings. It covers the seventeenth century to the present, the period during which the Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese became integrated into the modern world. Students will first examine the distinguishing characteristics of multilateral exchanges in the context of empires, kingdoms, modern states, and Western Powers. The course then attempts to define a system of regional order in theoretical terms and, by extension, the role of east Asia in the world. Topics include the collapse of the tributary system, colonialism, nationalism, and post-colonialism. Some previous work on East Asian history is recommended. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 259. Women in South Asia: Histories, Narratives, and Representation Cross-listed with WGST 259. The objective of this course is to survey the historical institutions, practices and traditions that defined the position of women in India. We will examine the laws and religious traditions related to women in South Asian including marriage, inheritance, sati and purdah. We will also read a variety of women's writings including the poetry of buddhist nuns and medieval women saints, as well as stories and memoirs from the colonial and post-colonial period. The purpose of the course is to understand women in India as both the object and subject of history. 6 credits cr., HU,RAD, Spring—P. Sengupta
HIST 260. The Making of the Modern Middle East Topics include: state and society, the military and bureaucracy, religious minorities (Jews and Christians), and women in premodern Muslim societies; the encounter with modernity. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—A. Khalid
HIST 261. The Modern Middle East A study of the major political and social developments in the Middle East since World War I. Topics discussed: the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of nation-states; the impact of Western imperialism; the domination of military regimes; "Islamic fundamentalism;" women and gender in contemporary Muslim societies. 6 credits cr., HU, Spring—A. Khalid
HIST 263. Inventing the Nation This course will explore theories of nation-building, nationalism, and anti-colonial struggle in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Using the examples of Britain and India, we will study the 'invention' of the nation through images and text, particularly the centrality of imperialism and colonialism to the process of nation building. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 265. Empires of the Steppe This course provides an introduction to the history of Inner Asia, the vast region that bridges the civilizations of China, the Middle East, and Europe, but which itself has been the center of empires that have shaped and reshaped the history of the Old World. Beginning with the ecological imperatives that shape life in Inner Asia, we will survey the history of the region and its interactions with its neighbors, with an emphasis on cultural and political developments from the earliest times to the present. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 271. 1898: The "Spanish-American War" and the Transition from Spanish to U.S. Empires Students in this course will explore the history of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Archipelago before and after the Spanish American War. Beginning with the re-consolidation of the Spanish Empire in the late nineteenth century, readings will focus on the individual histories of the three island colonies but also seek to explore the imperial ties that linked them to one another. Students will then turn to studying how the United States adapted to existing forms of rule after the War of 1898, focusing on continuity and change during the imperial transition. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 272. Mexico in Historical Perspective Cross-listed with LTAM 272. The evolution of a bi-cultural society. Studies of the origins of indigenous civilizations, Spanish-Indian relations in the colonial period, independence and underdevelopment in the nineteenth century, the revolution of 1910-1920, and the subsequent interaction of radical reform, industrialization, and an authoritarian state. The fate of a primarily Indian peasantry in an industrializing and urbanizing world is a concern throughout the course. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 273. The Caribbean: Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Anthropology and History This course will explore topics in the history and anthropology of the Caribbean. Beginning with the Haitian Revolution and its aftermath, the creation of the world's first black republic, going on to examine the history and cultures of the Caribbean through separate case studies of Jamaica, Martinique, and Puerto Rico. Students will seek to find commonalities and differences of these islands during and in the aftermath of British, French, Spanish, and United States colonialism in the region. Does the region's history unite or divide the island nations and peoples of the West Indies? Can we speak of common "cultures of the Caribbean?" 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 274. Brazil from Colonial to Modern Times Cross-listed with LTAM 274. A study of the evolution of Brazilian society from its origins as an export colony based on black slave labor to the twentieth century drive toward industrialization. Topics to be examined include race relations, cultural and economic nationalism, the military, liberation theology, and the transition to democracy. A concern throughout will be the relationship between elites and the masses, and how popular religious and cultural movements have often served as a way for the latter to challenge the status quo. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 275. Twentieth Century Cuba Cross-listed with LTAM 275. If, as Ernesto "CHE" Guevara once remarked, "Revolutions are made of passions," it is equally true they provoke them. Since the victory of Fidel Castro's guerrilla army over forty years ago, Cuba's revolution continues to generate controversy and to inflame the passions of both friends and foes. What is the real story behind the Cuban revolution, and what will the future hold for the Western Hemisphere's sole socialist country? This course will offer some insight by examining the historical conditions leading up to Castro's victory, the early decades of the socialist regime, and recent changes as Cuba struggles to survive in the post-Soviet era. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—J. DeLaney
HIST 279. American Intellectual History A study of selected moments in the history of ideas from Puritanism to the 1960s. The major focus will be on the classic writing of William Bradford, Anne Hutchinson, Thomas Jefferson, Henry David Thoreau, Alexis de Tocqueville, William James, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and others. 6 credits cr., HU, Spring—C. Clark
HIST 282. Women in African History: (Re-)Production, Representation, and Resistance Cross-listed with WGST 282. This course will explore several themes that are central to understanding the changes n African women's lives and experiences in the countryside and the city from before colonialism to the present: work, education, labor migration, marriage, sexuality, motherhood, political action and creativity. Readings will include both primary and secondary sources, as well as historiographic articles outlining issues in African women's history and the novels and autobiographies through which African women have begun to make their voices heard. But women in Africa do not speak as one, and thus we will also study the differences of race, gender, class and culture. 6 credits cr., HU, Winter—H. Pohlandt-McCormick
HIST 283. Africa Before the Europeans: The Dark Continent? Cross-listed with AFAM 283. Through epics, origin myths, praise songs, poetry, ethnographic materials, historical works and novels, this seminar will explore Africa's rich pre-colonial past, paying particular attention to material and social change and the ways in which both ruling elites and "ordinary" men and women—farmers, herders, traders, slaves—helped to shape their worlds. The course challenges Western depictions of Africa as the "dark continent" by showing that African peoples had vibrant cultures and sophisticated technologies, participated in far-reaching commercial and political networks, and maintained dynamic (and internally differentiated) social systems for centuries before the arrival of Europeans on African shores. 6 credits cr., HU,RAD, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 298. Junior-year History Colloquium In the junior year, majors must take six-credit reading and discussion course taught each year by different members of the department faculty. The general purpose of History 298 is to help students reach a more sophisticated understanding of the nature of history as a discipline and of the approaches and methods of historians. A major who is considering off-campus study in the junior year should consult with their advisor on when to take History 298. 6 credits cr., ND, Fall,Winter—C. Weiner, S. Ottaway
HIST 301. Contact and Frontiers in Early America More than a simple geographic line, the early American frontier was also a zone of racial, gender, economic, and military interactions between peoples, empires, and cultures. This course will consider French and Spanish attempts to establish colonies in North America as well as British. A primary focus of the class will be on European-Native American contact. This will be a reading intensive course heavily dependent on class discussion. Written work will consist of one short critical review at the mid-term and a final, more extensive analytic paper. Prerequisite: One American history class before 1800 or permission of the instructor. 6 credits cr., HU, Spring—S. Zabin
HIST 322. The Civil Rights Movement in America, 1942-1965 Cross-listed with AFAM 322. This course will examine the development of the Civil Rights movement from the formation of CORE (the Congress of Racial Equality) to the Voting Rights Act. It will focus upon significant individuals, groups, and campaigns in an effort to assess the impact of the movement on both African-American and American cultures. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 324. The Concord Intellectuals The social and intellectual history of the American Renaissance with focus on selected works of Emerson, Thoreau, Amos Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller. Special emphasis will be placed on the one common denominator uniting these intellectuals: their devotion to the possibilities of democracy. Prerequisite: History 120 or consent of the instructor. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 341. France, Third-Fifth Republic Cross-listed with FRST 341. Modern France from 1870 to the present. The politics, culture, society and economy of modern France will be studied in relation to such topics as agriculture and industry, archaic and modern; mass politics, class struggle and the rise of socialism; perceiving Paris; modernism in art and life, Bohemia, the belle epoque and the post-industrialist society; Gaullism and the prospect of European unity. History 341 can be taken as one of the core courses in the French and Francophone Studies Concentration. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 345. Atlantic Revolutions, France and America Cross-listed with FRST 345. An examination of the recent literature on the French and American Revolutions to establish a basis for a comparative approach to both revolutions. Our approach will include social, political, intellectual and cultural perspectives on a variety of subjects illuminating the reciprocity between the revolutions. The course will not concern itself with a detailed narrative of either revolution so some solid knowledge of one or both of these revolutions is assumed. This will be a reading intensive course heavily dependent on class discussion. Written work will consist of one short critical review at the mid-term and a final, more extensive analytic paper. Permission of the instructors is required. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 346. Imperialism An analytical study of the phenomenon of imperialism, its impact on the evolution on mass as well as world politics, and its economic, social and cultural-ideological implications in the classical era of European imperialism, c.1880-1914. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 360. Muslims and Modernity Cross-listed with RELG 360. Through readings in primary sources in translation, we will discuss the major intellectual and cultural movements that have influenced Muslim thinkers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Topics include modernism, nationalism, "Islamic socialism," and fundamentalism. Some prior knowledge of Islamic religion or history is assumed 6 credits cr., HU,RAD, Spring—S. Bashir, A. Khalid
HIST 370. History of African American Education Cross-listed with EDUC 336. The course will explore the history of African-Americans from slave codes prohibiting literacy instruction to the challenges of contemporary urban schools. One strand will be biographical and institutional, examining the thinking of key educational leaders and the programs they created. Another focus will be on the ideological underpinnings and legal reasoning of public policies such as "separate, but equal," desegregation, and the consideration of race in college admissions. The course will use primary sources and data to compare the barriers, opportunities and achievements of African-Americans with those of other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. 6 credits cr., SS,RAD, Winter—J. Ramsay
HIST 381. History, Memory and Black Atlantic: Ghana and the United States Cross-listed with AFAM 381. This course is an interdisciplinary, comparative, and international seminar. It asks: Did Ghanaians participate in the Atlantic slave trade as equal partners, or were they the victims of European power and greed? How have Ghanaians and black Americans remembered and recorded the Atlantic slave trade, colonialism and independence? Was Nkrumah's real mentor Garvey or duBois? Why during the Nkrumah years was Ghana the African American Camelot? Permission of the instructor is required. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 382. History, Memory and Black Atlantic: On-Site in Ghana and Revisted Cross-listed with AFAM 382. The first part of the course consists of a two-week field trip in late November-early December to Ghana. The field trip begins in Accra, continues to Kumasi, and ends in Cape Coast. The seminar will conclude on campus, meeting once a week for ten weeks to enable students to complete and give oral presentations on topics chosen during the fall term and researched during the two-week field trip. Prerequisite: History/African American Studies 381 and permission of the instructor. 6 credits cr., HU, Not offered in 2002-2003.
HIST 395. Progressive Era Cross-listed with AFAM 395. Was the Progressive Era progressive? It was a period of social reform. Labor activism, and woman suffrage, but also of Jim Crow, corporate capitalism, and U.S. imperialism. These are among the topics that can be explored in research papers on this contradictory era. We will begin by reading a brief text that surveys the major subject areas and relevant historiography of the period. The course will center on the writing of a 25-30 page paper based on primary research, which will be read and critiqued by members of the seminar. 6 credits, HU, Spring—A. Igra
HIST 395. European Family History Cross-listed with AFAM 395. Some historians claim that family structures and family relationships were transformed in the early modern period. They assert, for example, that childhood became a recognized stage of life, and marriages were newly characterized by companionship and love. In this course we study works that emphasize change over time as well as historians who challenge these models by showing the level of continuity that existed in such areas as conceptions of childhood, marriage choices and marital relations, family structure and household formation. 6 credits cr., HU, Spring—S. Ottaway
HIST 395. War, State and Society Cross-listed with AFAM 395. Mankind has waged war as long as organized societies have existed. Once, almost all history was about warfare and warriors. That age has long since passed. Still, viewing the culture and institutions of a particular society through the prism of warfare can yield incredible insights into the anatomy and workings of "civilized" communities. Cutting across chronological, cultural and geographic sub-divisions, we will study warfare using sources from the time of the tribe and polis to modern twentieth-century societies. This is an advanced research seminar; students will prepare one short analysis of a source and/or an author and write and present a larger final essay. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—C. Weiner
HIST 395. Fascism Cross-listed with AFAM 395. An historical analysis of the twentieth-century phenomenon of fascism in Germany, France and Italy, with special emphasis on the sources, methods, and practice of National Socialism in Germany. A two-credit reading course (395) during the summer break, set up in consultation with the instructor at the end of the spring term, is required. History 141 is recommended, but not required, as useful background. Consent of the instructor is required. 6 credits (2 credit summer rea cr., HU, Fall—D. Prowe
HIST 395. Narrative & Memory in African History Cross-listed with AFAM 395. . How has the African past been remembered reconstructed and retold? In this seminar, we will examine different forms of historical narrative and memory-making in Africa, from the pre-colonial through the contemporary period. Our source materials will include oral narratives, written texts, songs, art and dress. The bulk of the course work will involve in-depth individual research projects. 6 credits cr., HU, Spring—J. Monson
HIST 395. Topics in African American History Since 1945 Cross-listed with AFAM 395. . The topic for 2002-03 is "George Schuyler and the Dominant Discourses of Race, 1926-1966." This research seminar explores the thought of George S. Schuyler whose career began as a Harlem Renaissance Radical and evolved to a Cold War Conservative and Civil Rights critic. The seminar's goal is to map the parameters and consequences of Schuyler's ideological struggle with race. His analyses contest the orthodoxy that there is one legitimate "black" way to think. Ironically, he is tragically emblematic of Du Bois's formulation of double consciousness as a specific product of African American life. Knowledge of American history helpful. 6 credits cr., HU, Fall—H. Williams
HIST 400. Integrative Exercise Required of all seniors majoring in History. Students approved to write a thesis should register for section 1 or 2 (winter term); those approved to write an essay should register for section 3 or 4 (winter term). 6 credits cr., S/NC, ND, Fall,Winter—C. Clark, S. Zabin, P. Sengupta